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Ā ⊂ A 9&6,62>:(; E>' /6*-6*3 +*,'2$ +*'(1' 5/6(:*,63 7'( (xλ ) ⊂ A $)$* xλ → x 9&16.: x ∈ Ā ⊂ A 9&16.:*: 8'('2>$($(; K'(.$*' 9&6(623 7'( a ∈ A $)$* +/&' 4$( (aλ ) ⊂ A J6(-:( 2$ aλ → a 9&5(; L6(.6/:1 8'('0$*,' a ∈ A -:(; C5 Ā ⊂ A 9&16.:M /6*$ A *:* 26=6&: 9&16.: -'1'2>$(; A 6):2 4$( 2A1' 9&.5*; C$( a ∈ A +0'.$*' /62:*.6/6* 7'( 76*8$ 4$( (aλ ) 60: J'($&.$*; A 6):2 9&-505*-6* a ∈ T ⊂ A 9&6,62 ?'2$&-' 6):2 4$( T 2A1'.$ J6(-:(; C5 2A1' a *:* 4$( 291?5&505 9&-505*-6*3 (aλ ) 60:*:* 25/(505 45 2A1' $)$*-' 26&:/9( 9&6,62>:(M 2$ 453 29?5&5* 8'('2&$0$*$ J'($(; <9?5&5* /'>'(&$0$*$ 9&16/6*6 '(8$ /+*>'1$/&' 8+.>'('&$1; A $)$*-'2$ 4$( +0'/' /62:*.6/6* 7'( 60:* 25/(505 A $)$*-' 26&:/9( 9&.5*; N0'( A 2A1'.$ 6):2 9&16.6/-:3 '* 6% 4$( x ∈ A +0'.$*$* 4A>A* 291?5&52&6(: A′ $&' 2'.$?$/9( 9&6,62>:; B -5(51-63 7'( V ∈ B(x) $)$* 4$( xV ∈ V ∩ A′ +0'.$ .')$&'('2 ,--. !"!" #$%#&'( )*+*&%,$, !" x #$%&'(% )*+,(&,)*( -'. 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